Electrification is one of the primary avenues for decarbonization within California. A barrier to home electrification is cost and time delays associated with the perceived need to upsize electrical panels and utility services to accommodate new electrical loads. Increasing household peak electric...

The Commercial Heat Pump Water Heater Focused Pilot aims to address barriers limiting the adoption of heat pump water heaters in commercial buildings, including:Lack of customer and contractor familiarity with heat pump water heatersExisting water heating program eligibility limitationsElectrical...

Frontier Energy will conduct a field study which will characterize the energy use of rapid cook ovens (also known as high-speed ovens) in the commercial foodservice industry. This is an emerging technology commonly found in cafes, airports, and commissaries. These ovens use a combination of a...

Outdoor lighting systems have evolved considerably in the past twenty years since the first California outdoor lighting baseline assessment project was completed in 20031. When the 2003 study  California Outdoor Lighting Assessment study was completed, LED fixtures didn’t exist in any form and...

All existing refrigeration systems operate 24/7/365 and consume vast amounts of energy to maintain the required temperature to prevent spoilage of food, medicine, flowers and industrial chemicals.  It is standard practice that all refrigeration systems are designed to maintain temperature even on...

In commercial buildings where forced-air heating and cooling systems are employed, the efficiency of ductwork plays a pivotal role in both energy management and indoor air quality.  According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA), ventilation systems in commercial buildings consume...

Transcritical carbon dioxide (TC CO2) is emerging as the preferred low Global Warming Potential (GWP) option for commercial refrigeration systems in supermarkets and grocery stores. The unique system architecture and operating characteristics of CO2 make it difficult to model because these systems...

This project will assess pathways, technical solutions and guidance for simplified DIY homeowner or general contractor replacement of existing electric and gas water heaters with new heat pump water heaters (HPWH) in California. Permitting and code requirements for water heater installations can...

The two largest decarbonization targets in a commercial building are typically space heating and domestic hot water. Just these two end-uses account for well over 90% of the natural gas usage in most commercial buildings (excluding food service). Energy efficient, cost-effective solutions for...

The proposed project is a field demonstration of natural refrigerant (CO2) for high volume milk cooling on the dairy farm. Traditional methods of cooling high flow rates of milk have evolved over time from the use of different synthetics such as CFC’s, HCFC’s, and HFC’s. This proposed CO2 chiller...